standard prodigiosin  (Merck & Co)

Journal: Nature Communications

Article Title: A live biohybrid bacterial therapy based on engineered Serratia marcescens

doi: 10.1038/s41467-026-70949-4

Figure Lengend Snippet: a Bright-field and corresponding near-infrared (NIR, 808 nm excitation) images of S. marcescens colonies grown at 42, 37, and 30 °C. Similar results were obtained in 3 independent experiments. b Prodigiosin titer at 42 °C compared to 30 °C and 37 °C in LB plate. Data represent the mean ± SD of n = 3 biologically independent samples. Statistical significance was determined by a two-sided one-way ANOVA followed by Dunnett’s post-hoc test. Exact P values are indicated within the figure. c NIR emission spectrum of Prodigiosin upon 808 nm excitation, revealing broad emission spanning both NIR-I and NIR-II windows. d Time-resolved fluorescence decay curve of Prodigiosin, indicating a long fluorescence lifetime (τ_avg ≈ 1.2 µs). e Photothermal heating of bacterial suspensions (equivalent to 1, 2, and 5 mM prodigiosin) under continuous 808 nm laser irradiation (4.50 W/cm²). The thermal images demonstrate a rapid, concentration-dependent temperature increase. Similar results were obtained in 3 independent experiments. f Photothermal stability of a purified prodigiosin solution during four on/off cycles of 808 nm laser irradiation, showing excellent durability and consistent heating performance. g , h Validation of the thermal killing threshold for S. marcescens . g Representative images of spot-plated bacteria and h Quantitative CFU analysis of S. marcescens at different dilutions (1 × 10 11 , 1 × 10 10 , 1 × 10 9 CFU/mL) before and after a 3-min treatment at 60 °C. Data represent the mean ± SD of n = 4 biologically independent experiments. Statistical significance was determined by a two-sided unpaired Student’s t -test. Exact P values are indicated within the figure. i Agarose gel confirmation of msbB gene knockout. The first lane contains a DNA size marker (DL2000 Plus; bands from top to bottom: 2000, 1500, 1000, 750, 500, 250, and 100 bp). Lane SMM shows the PCR product from the parent strain (SMM), while lane SM confirms the successful gene deletion in the final theranostic strain. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.

Article Snippet: Prodigiosin standard was purchased from MedChemExpress (Monmouth Junction, USA).

Techniques: Fluorescence, Irradiation, Concentration Assay, Purification, Biomarker Discovery, Bacteria, Agarose Gel Electrophoresis, Gene Knockout, Marker

Journal: Nature Communications

Article Title: A live biohybrid bacterial therapy based on engineered Serratia marcescens

doi: 10.1038/s41467-026-70949-4

Figure Lengend Snippet: a , b Confocal microscopy images showing the internalization of SM@CMC-KP101 by CT26 ( a ) and B16-F10 ( b ) tumor cells. DAPI staining (blue) indicates cell nuclei, and prodigiosin fluorescence (red) indicates the location of the bacteria. White arrows indicate bacteria within the cells. Scale bars: 50 µm (main panels), 10 µm (enlarged insets). Similar results were obtained in 3 independent experiments. c in vitro cytotoxicity of SM@CMC-KP101. Cell viability of CT26 and B16-F10 cell lines 8 h post-treatment with varying concentrations of SM@CMC-KP101. Data are presented as mean ± SD ( n = 3 per group). d Quantification of bacterial internalization efficiency in B16-F10 cells. Data represent the percentage of internalized bacteria for SMM, SM, SM@CMC, and SM@CMC-KP101. Data represent the mean ± SD of n = 3 independent experiments. Statistical significance was determined by a two-sided one-way ANOVA followed by Dunnett’s post-hoc test. Exact P values are indicated within the figure. e Flow cytometric analysis of bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) treated with PBS, ECN ( Escherichia coli Nissle 1917), SM-EV ( Serratia marcescens JC11 Δ msbB cultured under 42 °C, where the high-temperature environment resulted in the silencing of specific gene clusters, serving as a control for the empty vector), SM@CMC-KP101, or PG to assess BMDC activation (CD11c + CD80 + CD86 + ). The bar graph below shows the percentage of CD11c + CD80 + CD86 + cells for each treatment group. Data represent the mean ± SD of n = 3 independent experiments. Statistical significance was determined by a two-sided one-way ANOVA followed by Dunnett’s post-hoc test. Exact P values are indicated within the figure. f – i Relative mRNA levels of TNFα ( f ), iNOS ( g ), CD206 ( h ), and IL-10 ( i ) in BMDCs treated with PBS, ECN, SM-EV, SM@CMC-KP101 or PG, illustrating the immunomodulatory effects of each intervention. Data represent the mean ± SD of n = 3 independent experiments. Statistical significance was determined by a two-sided ordinary one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s multiple comparisons test. Exact P values are indicated within the figure. j Schematic representation of the proposed mechanisms of action of the SM@CMC-KP101 system. Created in BioRender. JI, L. (2026) https://BioRender.com/uma9zrk . All non-BioRender elements in this figure were independently created by the authors. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.

Article Snippet: Prodigiosin standard was purchased from MedChemExpress (Monmouth Junction, USA).

Techniques: Confocal Microscopy, Staining, Fluorescence, Bacteria, In Vitro, Derivative Assay, Cell Culture, Control, Plasmid Preparation, Activation Assay

Journal: BioMed Research International

Article Title: Study on the Anticancer Activity of Prodigiosin from Variants of Serratia Marcescens QBN VTCC 910026

doi: 10.1155/2022/4053074

Figure Lengend Snippet: Purification of Prodigiosin. (a) TLC chromatography of the purified prodigiosin passing through the silica-gel column; lane 1: standard Pg, lane 2, 3: purified Pg. (b) HPLC of purified prodigiosin.

Article Snippet: Standard prodigiosin (Sigma) was diluted at various concentrations.

Techniques: Purification, Chromatography

Journal: BioMed Research International

Article Title: Study on the Anticancer Activity of Prodigiosin from Variants of Serratia Marcescens QBN VTCC 910026

doi: 10.1155/2022/4053074

Figure Lengend Snippet: Spectra of purified compound. (a). 1 H NMR proton spectrum. (b). 13 C NMR spectrum of active prodigiosin purified from S. marcescens EMS 5.

Article Snippet: Standard prodigiosin (Sigma) was diluted at various concentrations.

Techniques: Purification

Journal: BioMed Research International

Article Title: Study on the Anticancer Activity of Prodigiosin from Variants of Serratia Marcescens QBN VTCC 910026

doi: 10.1155/2022/4053074

Figure Lengend Snippet: Chemical structure of purified prodigiosin.

Article Snippet: Standard prodigiosin (Sigma) was diluted at various concentrations.

Techniques: Purification

Journal: BioMed Research International

Article Title: Study on the Anticancer Activity of Prodigiosin from Variants of Serratia Marcescens QBN VTCC 910026

doi: 10.1155/2022/4053074

Figure Lengend Snippet: Inhibitory concentration of Prodigiosin (0.5; 1; 2; 4; 6; 8 and 10 μ g/ml) on different cancer cell line KB, SK-LU-1, MCF7, H460 and HEPG2.

Article Snippet: Standard prodigiosin (Sigma) was diluted at various concentrations.

Techniques: Concentration Assay